Betloa ha puo puo

Nako ea ho Hatisa: 07 / 27 2021 Mongoli: Mohlophisi oa Setsi Etela: 15260

Betloa ha ke lebitso kopanetsweng la betloa ha le tapa. Ke mokhoa oa ho theha le oa ho sebetsana o sebelisang hamore, anvil, litebele tsa mochini o betlang kapa die ho kenya khatello ho sekheo ho hlahisa deformation ea polasetiki, e le ho fumana sebopeho le boholo ba mosebetsi. .

Ts'ebetsong ea ho betla, billet eohle e feta ts'ebetsong ea bohlokoa ea polasetiki mme e na le phallo e ngata ea polasetiki; ts'ebetsong ea ho hatakela, billet e thehiloe haholoholo ka ho fetola maemo a sebaka sa karolo ka 'ngoe,' me ha ho na phallo e kholo ea polasetiki kahare. Betloa ha e haholo-holo sebelisoa ho sebetsa likarolo tšepe, 'me e ka boela ea sebelisoa ho sebetsana le ba bang ba batho bao e seng tšepe, tse kang dipolasetiki boenjiniere, rabara, likheo letsopa, likheo tsa setene, le eaba ba etsa thepa ea le likarolo tse ngata.

Theha le ho phethola le ho taka indastering ea metallurgisse kaofela ke ts'ebetso ea polasetiki, kapa khatello ea khatello, empa ho betloa ho sebelisoa haholo bakeng sa tlhahiso ea likarolo tsa tšepe, ha ho ntse ho etsoa le ho taka ho sebelisoa haholo bakeng sa tlhahiso ea lipoleiti, marapo, liphaephe, jj. Lisebelisoa tsa tšepe tse reriloeng joalo ka li-profiles le mehala.

Qetellong ea Mehla ea Neolithic, batho ba se ba qalile ho hamore koporo e khubelu ea tlhaho ho etsa mekhabiso le lingoloa tse nyane. China e sebelisitse mochini o batang oa ho betla ho etsa lisebelisoa ka 2000 BC. Mohlala, lintho tsa khale tsa koporo tse khubelu tse fumanoeng ho tsoa Qijia Cultural Site ea Huangniangtai e Wuwei, Gansu li na le matšoao a hlakileng a hammering. Bohareng ba borena ba Shang, tšepe ea meteorite e ne e sebelisoa ho etsa libetsa, ho sebelisoa mokhoa oa ho futhumatsa. Tšepe e qhibilihisang tšepe e hlahileng nakong ea selemo ea selemo le ea hoetla e entsoe ka ho futhumatsa khafetsa le ho betla ho kenyelletsa inclusions ea oxide.

Qalong, batho * ba ne ba thatela hamore ea ho betla, 'me hamorao mokhoa oa ho phahamisa hamore e boima ka ho hula thapo le pulley ebe o oela ka bolokolohi bakeng sa likheo tse iqapetsoeng o ile oa hlaha. Kamora lekholo la bo14 la lilemo, matla a liphoofolo le ho theha ha hydraulic ho ile ha hlaha.

Ka 1842, British Nasmith e ile ea etsa hamore ea pele ea mouoane, ea tlisa matla nakong ea matla a sebelisitsoeng. Hamorao, ho etsa mechini ea khatiso ea hydraulic, lihamore tse tsamaisoang ke makoloi, lihamore tsa ho betla moea le likhatiso tsa mochini li ile tsa hlaha ka tatellano. Lihamore tsa tšepe li ile tsa sebelisoa ka lekhetlo la pele nakong ea Ntoa ea Lehae ea Amerika (1861-1865) ho shoa likarolo tsa libetsa, 'me joale li-hammer tsa ho betla li-steam li ile tsa hlaha Europe,' me theknoloji ea ho shoela e ile ea khothalletsoa butle-butle. Qetellong ea lekholo la bo19 la lilemo, ho ne ho se ho thehiloe mokhahlelo oa mantlha oa mechini ea sejoale-joale.

Mathoasong a lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, ka tšimoloho ea tlhahiso ea bongata ea likoloi, ho chesoa ka tšepe e chesang ho ile ha hola ka potlako mme ea ba mohato o ka sehloohong oa ho betla. Bohareng ba lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, mechini e chesang e etsang mechini e hatisang, mechini e bataletseng ea ho betla le lihamore tse sa sebetseng li ile tsa nkela lihamore tse tloaelehileng butle-butle, tsa eketsa tlhahiso le ho fokotsa ho sisinyeha le lerata. Ka nts'etsopele ea lits'ebetso tse ncha tsa ho betla joalo ka ho theha likheo tse nang le mahlale a futhumatsang a fokolang le a se nang oxidation, hlobo e phahameng haholo le bophelo ba nako e telele, extrusion e chesang, ho thella le ho theha li-manipulators, li-manipulators le likhoele tsa tlhahiso ea jarolla ka ho iketsa. litlamorao tsa ho theha tlhahiso li ntse li ntlafala.

Ponahalo ea betloa ha batang pele betloa ha chesang. Koporo ea pele, khauta, liphaphatha tsa silevera le lichelete tsa tšepe kaofela li ne li entsoe ka boqhetseke. Ts'ebeliso ea ho betla ho batang tlhahisong ea mechini e atile lekholong la bo20 la lilemo. Cold sehlooho, batang extrusion, radial betloa ha, le ballon betloa ha ba 'nile ba ntshetswa pele ka tatellano, butle-butle eaba ba etsa e sebetsang hantle betloa ha thulaganyou e ka hlahisa likarolo sebetsa ka ho nepahetseng ntle seha.

Ho hatakela pele ho nako ho ne ho sebelisa lisebelisoa tse bonolo joalo ka kharafu, likere, litebele, lihamore tsa letsoho, le li-anvils ho etsa maqephe a tšepe (haholo lipoleiti tsa koporo kapa tsa koporo, joalo-joalo) ka ho itšeha ka letsoho, ho phunya, ho kharafu le ho betha. Ho etsa liletsa tse likhoele, licymbala le liletsa tse ling tsa 'mino le lipitsa. Ka keketseho ea tlhahiso ea lipoleiti tse mahareng le tse teteaneng le nts'etsopele ea ho hatakela likhatiso tsa hydraulic le mechini ea mechini, ho hatakela ho sebetsa le hona ho qalile ho sebelisoa ka mechini bohareng ba lekholo la bo19 la lilemo.

Ka 1905, United States e ile ea qala ho hlahisa tšepe e chesang e tsoelang pele e tšesaane ka likhoele. Ka 1926, e ile ea qala ho hlahisa tšepe e sephara. Hamorao, ho ile ha hlaha tšepe e hlobolang e tsoelang pele e batang. Ka nako e ts'oanang, tlhahiso ea lipoleiti le likhechana ea eketseha, boleng bo ntlafalitsoe, mme theko ea fokotseha. Ho kopanya le nts'etsopele ea tlhahiso ea likepe, likoloi tsa seporo, litanka, litshelo, likoloi, makotikoti, jj., Ho hatakela e bile e 'ngoe ea lits'ebetso tse sebelisoang haholo.

Betloa ha e haholo-holo classified ho ea ka eaba ba etsa mokhoa le deformation mocheso. Ho ea ka mokhoa oa ho theha, ho betloa ho ka aroloa ho betloa le ho hatakeloa; ho ea ka mocheso deformation, betloa ha ka aroloa betloa chesang, batang betloa ha, betloa ha betloa ha le betloa ha isothermal.

Hot forging e etsoa ka holimo ho tšepe recrystallization mocheso. Ho eketsa mocheso ho ka ntlafatsa polasetiki ea tšepe, e leng molemo ho ntlafatsa boleng ba ka hare ba mosebetsi le ho etsa hore ho be thata ho senya. Mocheso o phahameng o ka boela oa fokotsa khanyetso ea deformation ea tšepe le ho fokotsa boima ba lithane tsa mochini oa forging o hlokahalang. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le tse ngata ho qapa ho chesa lits'ebetso, ho nepahala ha sesebelisoa ha se sebetse hantle, bokaholimo ha bo boreleli, 'me ho qhekella ho tloaelehile ho oxidation, decarburization le ho chesa.

Batang betloa ke betloa ha etsoa ka mocheso tlaase ho feta mocheso recrystallization tsa tšepe. Ka kakaretso, ho betloa ha serame ho bolela haholo-holo ho betsa mocheso oa mohatsela, le ho betsa mocheso o phahameng ho feta mocheso oa kamore empa o sa feteng mocheso oa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso hape o bitsoa mocheso. Betloa ha. Mofuthu betloa ha na sebetsa ka ho nepahetseng phahameng, boreleli holim le tlaase deformation hanyetsa.

Mesebetsi e entsoeng ke ho betla ha serame mocheso oa mohatsela e na le sebopeho se phahameng le boholo ba ho nepahala, bokaholimo bo boreleli, lits'ebetso tse fokolang tsa ho e lokisa, le tlhahiso e bonolo e iketsetsang. Likarolo tse ngata tse batang tsa ho betla le ho bata li ka sebelisoa ka kotloloho e le likarolo kapa lihlahisoa ntle le ho itšeha. Leha ho le joalo, nakong ea ho betloa ha serame, ka lebaka la polasetiki e tlase ea tšepe, e tloaetse ho petsoha nakong ea ho fetoha, mme ho hanyetsa deformation ho hoholo, ho hloka lithane tse kholo tsa ho betla.

Ho theha isothermal ho bolela hore mocheso oa sekheo o lula o lula o le teng nakong eohle ea ts'ebetso. Ho theha isothermal ke ho sebelisa botlalo ba polasetiki e phahameng ea tšepe e itseng ka mocheso o sa fetoheng, kapa ho fumana likarolo le thepa e itseng. Ho qhekella ho sa hlokahaleng ho hloka hore lefi le letho li bolokoe ka mocheso o sa fetoheng, o hlokang theko e phahameng mme o sebelisoa feela bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse ikhethileng tsa ho betla, joalo ka sebopeho sa superplastic.

Betloa ha ka fetola sebopeho tšepe le ho ntlafatsa thepa tšepe. Kamora hore ingot e chesehe, li-pores, li-microcracks, jj li kopantsoe kapa li tiisitsoe; mabenyane a mantlha a dendritic a robehile ho etsa hore lithollo li ntlafatse; ka nako e ts'oanang, karohano ea carbide ea pele le ho se lekane li fetotsoe Kabo ea ho etsa hore mokhatlo o tšoane, e le hore o fumane tšoarelo ka ho ts'oana ha kahare, ho tšoana, botle, ts'ebetso e ntle ka kakaretso, le ts'ebeliso e bolokehileng. Kamora ho betloa ho holofatsoa ke ho chesa tšepe, tšepe e na le sebopeho sa likhoele; kamora ho betloa ho betloa, likristale tsa tšepe li hlophisitsoe hantle.

Ho betloa ke phallo ea polasetiki ea tšepe ho etsa sebopeho sa sebopeho se batlang. Bophahamo ba tšepe ha bo fetohe kamora hore phallo ea polasetiki e hlahisoe ke matla a kantle, mme tšepe e lula e phallela karolong eo ka mokhoa o fokolang. Ha ho etsoa, sebopeho sa mosebetsi se lula se laoloa ho latela melao ena ho fihlela liphoso tse kang ho khopisa le ho taka, ho reama bocha, ho koba le ho taka.

Boholo ba mosebetsi o iqapetsoeng bo nepahetse, bo loketseng ho hlophisa tlhahiso ea bongata. Litekanyo tsa shoa betloa ha, extrusion, tapa le dikopo tse ding ke e nepahetseng le e tsitsitseng. Mechini e sebetsang hantle haholo le e etsang lihlahisoa tsa tlhahiso e iketsang e ka sebelisoa ho hlophisa boima bo khethehileng kapa tlhahiso ea bongata.

Ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso ea ho betla e kenyelletsa ho se na letho pele ho etsoa, ho futhumatsa le ho etsa likheo pele. kalafo ea mocheso, ho hloekisa, ho lekanya le ho hlahloba likarolo tsa mosebetsi kamora ho theha. Mechini e tloaetseng ho sebelisoa e kenyelletsa lihamore tsa ho betla, mechini ea hydraulic le mechini ea mechini. Hamore e betlang e na le tšusumetso e kholo, e loketseng phallo ea polasetiki ea tšepe, empa e tla hlahisa thothomelo; mochini oa khatiso oa hydraulic o sebelisa static forging, e loketseng ho betla tšepe le ho ntlafatsa sebopeho, mme mosebetsi o tsitsitse, empa tlhahiso e tlase; mochini oa khatiso o na le stroke se sa fetoheng mme ho bonolo ho o tseba ka mechini le boithaopo.

Nakong e tlang, tshebetso betloa ha tla ntlafatsa boleng ka hare tsa likarolo betloa ha, ntshetsa pele sebetsa ka ho nepahetseng betloa ha le sebetsa ka ho nepahetseng tapa thekenoloji, ho ntshetsa pele thepa betloa ha le betloa ha mela tlhahiso le tlhahiso e phahameng le itsamaise, ntshetsa pele tenyetsehang betloa ha eaba ba etsa tsamaiso ea, ho ntshetsa pele thepa e ncha betloa ha le betloa ha sebetsa mekhoa, jj. ntshetsa pele.

Ho ntlafatsa boleng ba kahare ba tšoarelo ke ho ntlafatsa litšobotsi tsa bona tsa mochini (matla, polasetiki, ho ba thata, mokhathala matla) le ts'epahalo. Sena se hloka ts'ebeliso e betere ea khopolo ea polasetiki ea tšepe; ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa tse nang le boleng bo holimo ba tlhaho; ho lokisa ho futhumatsa pele ho nako le ho futhumatsa mocheso; liteko tse matla le tse pharaletseng haholoanyane tse sa senyeheng tsa likarolo tsa ho betla.

Ts'ebetso e fokolang le e sa reng letho ke mohato oa bohlokoahali le tataiso bakeng sa indasteri ea mechini ho ntlafatsa ts'ebeliso ea thepa, ho eketsa tlhahiso ea basebetsi le ho fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea matla. Likhechana tse fokolang tsa ho betla, ha ho na ho futhumatsa ha oxidation, hammoho le nts'etsopele ea thatafalo e phahameng, e sa keneng, ea nako e telele ea lisebelisoa tsa hlobo le mekhoa ea kalafo e ka sebetsanang le ts'ebeliso e atolositsoeng ea ho betla ka nepo le ho tapa ka nepo.

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